James Hutton is considered the father of modern geology.
As a curious farmer in Scotland, he attempted to explain the rock formations around him. In 1785, after about 25 years of work, he published his findings in Theory of the Earth; or an Investigation of the Laws observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land upon the Globe. Essentially, he argued that the composition of the land was such that it could not have taken 6,000 years to evolve, the prevailing biblical view of the earth's age, but much longer. Spoiler alert: he was right.
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